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正文 第69节 文 / [美]亨德里克·威廉·房龙

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    torenderanysortofdefenceagainstthisterribleene.

    itheyear1224thatthefirstgreattartarinvasion

    tookpladthatthehordesofjenghizkhan,thenqueror

    ofadetheirfirst

    appearaheiesennear

    thekalkariverandrussiaerongolians.

    justassuddenlyastheyhadetheydisappeared.

    thirteenyearslater,in1237,hoheyretued.inless

    thanfiveyearstheynqueredeverypartofthevastrussian

    plains.untiltheyear1380itrydonskoi,grand

    dukeofsontheplainsofkulikovo,the

    tartarsastersoftherussianpeople.

    allinall,ittooktherussiansturiestodeliver

    theelvesfrohisyoke.forayokeitost

    offensiveandobjeableouedtheslavicpeasants

    intoserableslaves.norussianuldhopetosurviveun

    lessheanwho

    satisoheheartofthesteppesofsouthe

    russiaandspatathiitdeprivedthessofthepeopleof

    allfeelingofhonourandindependedehungerand

    seryandltreatntandpersonalabusethenorlstate

    ofhueilatlasttheaveragerussian,werehe

    peasantooblen,abouthisbusinesslikeaed

    dogensooftenthathisspirithasbeenbroken

    andhedarenotission.

    thereenofthetartarkhan

    erciless.theendlessprairiedidnotgivea

    nacetocrossintothesafeterritoryofhisneighbour.

    hestkeepquietandbearasterdecided

    toinfliorruntheriskofdeath.ofurse,europe

    ghthaveinterfered.buteuropewasengageduponbusiness

    ofitsoingthequarrelsbethepopeand

    theeerororsuppressingthisorthatortheotherheresy.

    andsoeuropelefttheslavtohisfate,andforcedhio

    hisoion.

    thefinalsaviourofrussiaanysllstates,

    fouheearlynorserulers.ituatedintheheart

    oftherussianplain.itscapital,seep

    hillonthebanksofthesktleprincipality,

    bydintofpleasiaro

    please,andopposinghidoso,had,

    duringtheddleofthefourteeurydeitselfthe

    leaderofabereeredthatthe

    tartarsinnstructivepoliticalability.

    theyuldoroy.theirchiefainnqueringnew

    territoriesoobtainreveogetthisrevehe

    forftaxes,itnantsof

    theoldpoliticalanizationtontinue.heherewere

    nylittletohegraceofthegreatkhan,

    thattheyghtactastaxgatherersandrobtheieighbours

    forthebeofthetartartreasury.

    thestateofsattheexpehe

    surroundiory,finallybecastrongenoughtorisk

    openrebellionagainstitssters,thetartars.itcessful

    anditsfaastheleaderinthecauseofrussianindependence

    deshenaturaltreforallthosewho

    stillbelievedierfuturefortheslavicratheyear

    1458,nstantinopleakenbytheturks.tenyears

    later,uheruleofivaniii,sedthe

    totheworldly

    andspiritualianpire,and

    suaneireashadsurvivedin

    nstantinople.ageioerrible,

    thegranddukesenoughtoadoptthe

    titleofaionbythee

    powersofeurope.

    intheyear1598,usvite

    dynasty,desanrurik,cato

    anend.forthesevenyears,atartarhalfbreed,bythe

    naodunowasduring

    thisperiodthatthefuturedestinyofthelargessesofthe

    russianpeoplepirehinland

    butverypoorihereradeandtherewere

    nofactories.itsfeposed

    ofastroandavastnuerof

    illiteratepeasants.thisgovent,axtureofslavic,

    norse,byzaartarinfluences,reghing

    beyoerestofthestate.todefendthisstate,it

    neededanar.togatherthetaxes,hessary

    topaythesoldiers,itneededany

    officialsitneededland.iheeast

    anddity.but

    landhoutafeotillthefieldsahe

    adicpeasants

    ertheother,untilfinally,during

    thefirstyearofthesixteeury,theyally

    deapartofthesoiluponheylived.therussian

    peasaheybecaserfsorslaves

    andtheyreinedserfsuntiltheyear1861,heirfate

    hadbeesoterriblethattheyodieout.

    inthesevehtury,thissgrowing

    territorye

    aforcehherestofeuropeo

    re.in1618,afterthedeathodunohe

    russiannobleshadelectedoheirobertobe

    tsar.heily

    ofronotlehousejustoutsidethe

    krein.

    intheyear1672hisgreatgrandsoer,thesonofanother

    feodor,hechildenyearsold,

    hisstepsistersophiatookpossessionoftherussianthrone.

    thelittleboyospendhisdaysinthesuburbsof

    thenationalcapital,hefnerslived.surrounded

    bystchbarkeepers,dutchtraders,shecaries,italian

    barbers,frenasters,

    theyoungpriainedafirstbutratherextraordinary

    iressionofthatfaraysteriouseuropewhere

    thingsly.

    whenheeenyearsold,hesuddenlypushed

    sistersophiafrohethroerhielfbecatheruler

    ofrussia.heedhbeisarofa

    sebarbarousandhalfasiatiustbethesn

    headofacivilisednation.togerussiaoveight

    frobyzantiartarstateint

    ...
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