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www.lizi.twebattleofhastings,onoctoberthe
fourteenthofthatyear,hedestroyedtheesofharold
ofhelastoftheanglosaxonkingsaablished
hielfaskingofengland.butheorhis
successorsofthehouseofanjouandplantageregarded
englandastheirtrueho.totheheislanderelya
partoftheirgreatiaheasortof
lonyinhabitedbyratherbackthey
forcedtheiroion.graduallyhowever
the``lonyofenglandgainedupoher
untryofnorndy.atthesatithekingsof
fran
englishneighboursorethandisobedient
servantsofthefrenchcroeraturyofwar
farethefrenchpeople,uheleadershipofayounggirlby
thenaofjoanofartheir
soil.joanherself,takenaprisohebattleofpiegne
intheyear1430andsoldbyherburgundiancaptorstothe
englishsoldiers,ch.buttheenglish
nevergainedfootholdupoiandtheirkingswere
atlastabletodevotealltheirtitotheirbritishpossessions.
asthefeudalnobilityoftheislandhadbeenengagedinoneof
thosestrangefeudsnintheddleages
asaslesandsllpox,andasthegreaterpartoftheold
landedproprietorshadbeenkilledduringthesesocalledwars
oftheroses,iteeasyforthekingstoiheir
royalpoheendofthefifteeury,england
ronglytraliseduntry,ruledbyhenryvii
ofthehouseoftudor,ousurtofjustice,the
``starery,suppressedallattets
oofthesurvivingaintheiroldinfluence
uponthegoventoftheuntryostseverity.
intheyear1509henryviiceededbyhisson
henryviii,andfrohatntooryofengland
gainedaaheuntryceasedtobea
diaevalislandandbecaadestate.
henryhaderestinreligion.hegladlyuseda
privatedisagreentany
divorselfindepeofroandke
thechurchofenglandthefirstofthose``nationalisticchurches
ihespiritualheadofhis
subjeationof1034notonlygave
thehouseoftudorthesupportoftheenglishclergy,who
foralongtihadbeenexposedtotheviolentattaany
lutheranpropagandists,butitalsoincreasedtheroyalpower
throughthenfiserpossessionsofthe
nasteries.atthesatiitdehenrypopularhthe
rtsandtradespeople,heproudandprosperous
inhabitantsofanislaof
europebyadislikefor
everything``fnanddidnotanitalianbishoptorule
theirhobritishsouls.
in1517henrydied.heleftthethroohissllson,
agedten.theguardiansoftheode
lutherando.
buttheboydiedbeforeheeen,andceeded
byhissisterry,thewifeofphilipiiofspain,who
buedthebishopsoftheneionalchurdinother
pleofherroyalspanishhusband
fortunatelyshedied,intheyear1558,andceeded
byelizabeth,thedaughterofhenryviiiandanneboleyn,
thesendofhissixhehaddecapitatedwhenshe
nolongerpleasedhielizabeth,etiin
prison,andtherequestofthe
holyroneeror,ostrdialeneofeverything
catholidspanish.shesharedherfathersindifference
ierionbutsheiedhisabilityasa
veryshreer,ahefortyfiveyears
niheningthepohedynastyandin
inerryislands.
inthissheostablyassistedbyanuerofnwhatheredarouhroneaheelizabethanagea
periodofsuchiortayououghttostudyitiail
ihespecialbooksofellyouinthe
bibliographyattheendofthisvolu.
elizabeth,hofeelentirelysafeuponher
throne.shehadarivalandaverydangerousone.ry,
ofthehouseofstuart,daughterofafrenchduchessanda
sttishfather,isiioffrand
daughterinlaediciwhohadanised
therdersofsaintbartholootherof
alittleboyethefirststuartking
ofengland.shecatholidawillingfriend
tothoseiesofelizabeth.herok
ofpolitiethodsployed
topunishhercalvinisticsubjects,causedarevolutioninstland
andforcedrytotakerefugeonenglishterritory.for
eighteenyearsshereinedinengland,plottingforeverand
adayagainsttheanerandwho
lastobligedtofolloheadviceofhertrusteduncilors
``tocutteoffthesttishqueensheade.
theheadteoffintheyear1587andcaused
abinednaviesofenglandand
hollaedphilipsinvinciblearda,aswehavealready
seen,andthebloeanttodestroythe
pohetanticatholicleadersuedintoa
profitablebusinessadventure.
fooanyyearsofhesitation,theenglish
ashedutchthoughtittheirghttoinvade
theindiesandaridaveheillsheirprotes
tehrenhadsufferedatthehandsofthespaniards.the
englishhadbeenangtheearliestsubus.
britishships,heveianpilotgiovannicaboto
orcabot,hadbeenthefirsttodisverandexplorethe
northearitiin1496.labradorandnewfoundland
portanceasapossiblelony.but
thebanksofhe
englishfishi.ayearlater,in1497,thesacabot
hadexploredtheastofflorida.
thehebusyyearsofhenryviiandhenry
viiioneyfnexplorations.
butunderelizabeth,ary
stuartinprison,thesailorsuldleavetheirharbourhout
fe
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