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正文 第22节 文 / [英]亚当·斯密

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    orasprofit.thisproportionisverydifferentinrichfrobr >

    itisinpooruntries.

    thus,atpresent,intheopulentuntriesofeurope,avery

    large,frequentlythelargestportionoftheproduceoftheland

    isdestinedforreplagthecapitaloftheridindepe

    farr;theotherforpayinghisprofitsaofthe

    landlord.butaly,duringtheprevalencyofthefeudal

    govent,averysllportionoftheproduceto

    replacethecapitaleloyedincultivation.itnsisted

    nlyiaiogetherbythe

    spontaneousproduceofuncultivatedland,andight,

    therefore,bensideredasapartofthatspontaneousproduce.

    itgenerally,too,belohelandlord,and

    advaheoccupiersoftheland.alltherestofthe

    produtoo,eitherasrentforhis

    land,orasprofituponthispaltrycapital.theoccupiersof

    landen,swere

    equallyhisproperty.thoseesat

    inally

    littlerethanaquitrent,itreallyauhewhole

    produesndtheir

    labourinpeadtheirserviheylivedata

    distancefroishouse,theyas

    hisretainers.buttheheland

    undoubtedlybelongstohielabourand

    serviaintains.inthepresentstateof

    europe,theshareofthelandlordseldoxceedsathird,

    sotisnotafourthpartoftheheland.the

    rentofland,hoprovedpartsoftheuntry,

    hasbeentripledandquadrupledsines;and

    thisthirdorfourthpartoftheannualproduceis,itsee,

    threeorfreaterthanthewholehadbeenbefore.in

    theprogressofirovehoughitincreasesin

    proportiontotheextent,dinishesinproportiontotheproduce

    oftheland.

    intheopulentuntriesofeurope,greatcapitalsareat

    presenteloyedintradeandnufactures.intheaate,

    thelittletradethatelyandarse

    nufacturesthatall

    capitals.these,housthaveyieldedverylargeprofits.

    therateofihantenpert,and

    theirprofitssthavebeensuffittoaffordthisgreat

    i.atpreseeofi,intheirovedparts

    ofeurope,isnoeof

    thestiroveditissolohree,andt.

    thoughthatpartofthereveheinhabitantshis

    derivedfroheprofitsofstockisaluchgreaterinrich

    thaninpooruisbeuchgreater:

    inproportiontothestouchless.

    thatpartoftheannualproduce,therefore,h,assoon

    asiteseitherfrohegroundorfrohehandsofthe

    productivelabourers,isdestinedforreplagacapital,isnot

    onlychgreaterinrichthaninpooruntries,butbearsa

    ediatelydestinedfor

    nstitutingareveherasrentorasprofit.thefunds

    destinedfortheintenanceofproductivelabourarenotonly

    erthanier,butbearach

    greaterproportiontothoseaybeeloyedto

    intaiherproductiveorunproductivehands,havegenerally

    apredileforthelatter.

    theproportiohosedifferentfundsnecessarily

    deternesineveryuntrythegeneralcharacterofthe

    inhabitantsastoindustryoridleness.oreindustrious

    thanourforefathers;becauseinthepresenttisthefunds

    destinedfortheintenanuchgreaterin

    proportiontothoseployedinthe

    intenanceofidlehantheyhreeturies

    ago.ouraorsofasuffit

    enuragenttoindustry.itisbetter,saystheproverb,to

    playfoothingthantoertileand

    nufacturingtoheinferiorranksofpeopleare

    entofcapital,theyarein

    generalindustrious,sober,andthriving;asinnyenglish,and

    instdutchtohosetohareprincipally

    supportedbythenstantoroccasionalresidenceofaurt,and

    inaintainedby

    thespendingofreveheyareingeneralidle,dissolute,and

    poor;asatro,versailles,piegne,andfontainebleu.ifyou

    exceptrouenandbordeaux,thereislittletradeorindustryin

    anyoftheparlianttoheinferiorranksof

    people,beingelderlyintaiheexpeheersof

    theurtsofjustidofthoseetopleadbefore

    theareingeneralidleandpoor.thegreattradeofrouenand

    bordeauxseetobealtogethertheeffectoftheirsituation.

    roueallthegoodsh

    arebroughteitherfrnuntries,orfroheriti

    provinptionofthegreatcityof

    paris.bordeauxisinthesaheeofthewines

    hebanksofthegaronne,andoftheriversh

    runintoit,oherichestriesintheworld,and

    stoproducethetestforexportation,orbest

    suitedtothetastennations.suchadvantageous

    situationsnecessarilyattractagreatcapitalbythegreat

    eloyntployntofthis

    capitalisthecauseoftheindustryofthoseties.inthe

    otherparlianttoorecapitalsee

    tobeeloyedthanisnecessaryforsupplyingtheirown

    nsution;thatis,littlerethanthesllestcapitalh

    .thesathingybesaidofparis,

    drid,andvienna.ofthosethreecities,parisisbyfarthe

    stindustrious;butparisitselfistheprincipalrketofall

    thenufacturesestablishedatparis,anditsoptionis

    theprincipalobjectofallthetradecarrieson.

    london,lisbon,andpenhagen,are,perhaps,theonlythree

    citiesineuropehthenstantresidenceofa

    urt,andatthesatibensideredastradingcities,

    orascitiesption,but

    forthatofothercitiesanduhesituationofallthe

    threeisextrelyadvantageous,andnaturallyfitstheobe

    theesofagreatpartofthegoodsdestinedforthe

    nsutionofdistantplaces.inacityrevenueis

    spent,toeloyhadvantageaca

    ...
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