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正文 第12节 文 / [英]亚当·斯密

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    theirrepaynts,agastheircircesareeither

    thrivingordeing.aprivateo

    perhapshalfadozenoradozeors,y,eitherby

    hielforhisagents,observeandinquirebothnstantlyand

    .buta

    bankingpany,ooperhapsfivehundred

    differentpeople,andofheattentionisntinually

    occupiedbyobjectsofaverydifferentkind,havenular

    infortiohendudcircesofthe

    greaterpartofitsdebtorsbeyonditso.

    inrequiringfrequentandregularrepayntsfrolltheir

    custors,thebankingpaniesofstlandhadprobablythis

    advantageinview.

    sendly,bythisattentiontheysecuredtheelvesfrohe

    possibilityofissuingrepaperhanthecirculation

    oftheuntryuldeasilyabsorbandeloy.heyobserved

    thatoderateperiodsoftitherepayntsofa

    particularcustorostoccasionsfullyequaltothe

    advabeassuredthat

    thepaperneyhadnotatany

    tiexceededthequantityofgoldandsilverhhewould

    otherforanswering

    oands;andthat,nsequently,thepaperney,

    eans,hadnotatanyti

    exceededthequantityofgoldandsilverhwouldhave

    ohe

    frequeswould

    suffiountoftheiradvanceshadat

    notiexceededthatpartofhiscapitalhhewould

    otheruneloyedandin

    readyneyforansands;thatis,forthe

    purposeofkeepiofhiscapitalinnstant

    eloynt.itisthispartofhiscapitalonlyhin

    derateperiodsofti,isntinuallyretuingtoevery

    dealerintheshapeofney,herpaperorin,and

    ntinuallygoingfrointhesashape.iftheadvancesof

    thebankhadnlyexceededthispartofhiscapital,the

    ordinaryauntofhisrepayntsuldnot,oderate

    periodsofti,haveequalledtheordinaryauntofits

    advahestreaansofhisdealings,was

    ntinuallyrunningintotheffersofthebank,uldnothave

    beenequaltothestreaansofthesadealings,

    inuallyrunningout.theadvahebankpaper,by

    exceedingthequantityofgoldandsilverherebeen

    nosuchadvances,hefor

    ansands,ghtsoooexceedthewhole

    quantityofgoldandsilverrcebeingsupposed

    thesaediryhadtherebeenno

    paperney;andnsequentlytoexceedthequantityhe

    ploy;and

    theexoneydiatelyhaveretued

    uponthebankiobeexgedfoldandsilver.this

    sendadvahoughequallyreal,perhapssowell

    uoodbyallthedifferentbankingpaniesofstlandas

    thefirst.

    lybythenveniencyofdisuntingbills,and

    partlybythatofcashats,thecreditabletradersofany

    untrybedispensedfroheyofkeepinganypart

    oftheirstooneyfor

    ansands,theyreasonablyexpeo

    fartherassistancefroanksandbankers,heyhave

    gohusfar,ot,nsistentlyhtheiroerestand

    safety,gofarther.abankot,nsistentlyhitsown

    i,advaraderthehegreaterpart

    ofthecirculatingcapitalhrades;because,though

    thatintheshapeof

    ney,andgoingfrointhesashape,yetthehe

    retusistoodistantfroheheoutgoings,andthe

    sufhisrepayntsuldnotequalthesufitsadvances

    oderateperiodsoftiassuitthenveniencyofa

    bank.stillless,uldabankaffordtoadvany

    nsiderablepartofhisfixedcapital;ofthecapitalhe

    uakerofanire,forexale,eloysiinghis

    feandsltinghouse,hishe

    dec.;ofthecapitalhe

    uakerofaneeloysinsinkinghisshafts,iing

    enginesfordraakingroadsand

    c.;ofthecapitalhepersonakes

    toirovelandeloysinclearing,draining,enclosing,

    nuring,andploughingeanduncultivatedfields,in

    buildingfarouses,halltheiecessaryappendagesof

    stables,grac.theretusofthefixedcapitalarein

    alstallcaseschslohanthoseofthecirculating

    capital;andsuchexpenses,evenhthegreatest

    prudendjudgnt,veryseldoetutotheuakertill

    afteraperiodofnyyears,aperiodbyfartoodistanttosuit

    thenvenienay,no

    doubt,hgreatpropriety,carryonaverynsiderablepartof

    theirprojeey.injusticetotheir

    creditors,hoheiroalought,inthiscase,tobe

    suffiaysayso,thecapitalofthose

    elyirobablethatthose

    creditorsshouldinyloss,eventhoughthesuccessofthe

    projeuchshortoftheexpectationofthe

    projectors.evenoneyhis

    borroeantshouldnotberepaidtillaftera

    periodofseveralyears,oughtnottobeborro

    oughttobeborreofsuchprivatepeople

    asproposetoliveupoerestoftheirneyhout

    takiroubletheelvestoeloythecapital,andwhoare

    uponthatatolendthatcapitaltosuchpeopleoodcreditasarelikelytokeepitforseveralyears.abank,

    indeed,oneyped

    paper,orofattoeysfeesfordraes,and

    entupoerofthebanking

    paniesofstland,,beaverynve

    creditortosuchtradersanduakers.butsuchtradersand

    uakersostinnvedebtorstosucha

    bank.

    itishayyearssihepaper

    neyissuedbythedifferentbankingpaniesofstlandwas

    fullyequal,orrathereorethanfullyequal,to

    thecirculationoft

    ...
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