正文 第一四八章：美西战争史（第六更） 文 / 蓦物

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    在美西战争爆发之后<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>远东和美国双方均没有主动宣战<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但是实际上<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>双方早就展开了海上和陆地上的冲突<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但是双方似乎都有着某种默契<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>因为无论是海上还是陆地<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>双方都没有造成较大的伤亡<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>反而是双方各据一方<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>形成了南北两大军事对峙的情况<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    1898年的地中海之战<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>标志着意大利的彻底没落<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>那么美西战争<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>则是标志着美国作为一个主要军事力量的崛起<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>这场历时仅100余天<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>3000美国人丧生的短暂的海上冲突<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>使美国陷入了远东的复杂问题<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>也使敢于与美国军事力量抗衡的欧洲列强得到了警告<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>因为对美国人自己来说<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>这场战争则标志着它要更多地参与世界事务<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    虽然美西战争的第一次大海战发生在东半球的菲律宾<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但冲突的起因却是古巴的骚乱<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>在古巴<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>多年来对西班牙人的暴政的反抗最终导致了1895年的大暴动<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>起义者的残暴并不亚于西班牙统治者<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>他们制定了一条蓄意掠夺的政策<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>这条政策规定<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>如果美国人不交保护金<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>他们的财产就不受保护<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>这些保护金用来在财政上支援暴乱和进行扩大宣传<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    事实上<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国参与此事的主要原因是要保护美国人所拥有的甘蔗种植园和糖厂<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>这些大种植园和糖厂的利润是不容忽视的<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>投资5千万美元<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>年贸易额可高达1亿美元<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙政府决定结束古巴的这种令人无法容忍的状况<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>1896年初<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙政府派陆军上将韦莱尔去哈瓦那采取断然措施<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>韦莱尔的办法就是把平民驱赶到集中区<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>使他们无法援助叛乱<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>集中区里恶劣的卫生的条件使几千人丧生<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>其中大多数是妇女和儿童<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    由于古巴叛乱政权在美国纽约进行巧妙的煽动<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国一般公众对“刽子手韦莱尔”的非人道做法反应强烈<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>有人就要求马上承认叛乱“政府”<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>作为对公众呼声的反应<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国国会通过了一项决议案<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>要求承认古巴叛乱政权<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>反对帝国主义政策的美国克利夫兰总统认为<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>这一决议案是对他行政权力的干涉而不予理睬<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>他宣称拒绝出兵与西班牙开战<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>而另一方面<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>他又对西班牙政府明确表示<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国对西班牙在古巴的统治表示尊重<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    1897年<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙内阁召回了韦莱尔<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>放松了将平民驱赶到集中区的工作<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>并允许古巴人有一定程度的自主权<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>这时<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国人开始对古巴问题失去兴趣<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但1898年2月出现的两个事件却在美国掀起了一场民愤的风暴<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>事件之一是一封信<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>另一个就是缅因号战列舰爆炸<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    美国公众认为这一爆炸来自外界破坏<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>一定是西班牙人用炸弹干的<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但是这个时代的人永远不会知道一些事情<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>那就是缅因号战列舰是自己导致的内部爆炸<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>不过李宁宇却知道<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但是他却在爆炸事件发生后没有任何表示<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>而是在远东黄海舰队被英法两国舰队拦截之后<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>才将自己的分析报告和一些数据<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>同时交到英国、法国、美国、沙俄的代表手中<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    由于此时美国与西班牙之间已经发生了军事冲突<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>所以这份报告在当时并没有引起太多的注意<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>而各国都知道<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国和西班牙的开战<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>古巴将会成为第一个攻击目标<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>其次是波多黎各<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>因为美国海军舰队大都集中于大西洋<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>随后美国为了进一步增强这一地区的军事实力<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>“俄勒冈”号从皮吉特海峡出发<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>绕过南美洲到达加勒比海<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    而那个时候<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国大西洋分舰队的力量增强到5艘战列舰<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>“衣阿华”号、“印第安纳”号、“马萨诸塞”号、“得克萨斯”号、“俄勒冈”号<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>此外<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>该分舰队还有两艘铁甲巡洋舰：“纽约”号、“布鲁克林”号和其他一些小舰<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    “缅因”号事件对西班牙人也产生了影响<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>在跟远东李宁宇进行过商议之后<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙试图平息美国人的愤怒<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>同时<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>也在暗中为战争做准备<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>因为刚接到爆炸的消息<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙海军大臣就向海军发出警报<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>并告诫当时指挥本土舰队的海军上将塞韦拉<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>准备摧毁基韦斯特的美国基地<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>然后封锁美国沿海<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    塞韦拉对此事并不乐观<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>因为在他看来<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>这个命令是极其荒谬的<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>因为他的作战力量只有4艘破烂不堪的巡洋舰和2艘驱逐舰<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>他认为<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>自己的海军无法与美国海军抗衡<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>在大西洋彼岸<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙没有强大的军事基地<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>因此他的舰队在古巴和波多黎各很可能得不到充足的后勤支援<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    他一再表示<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>一旦发生战争<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙海军最实际的行动方案应该是保存实力以保护国土<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>塞韦拉强调指出：只要西班牙纠集起一支能在装备和供应上提供帮助的海上同盟力量<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>他的舰队就能使美国海岸成为有利可图的军事目标<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    西班牙军事内阁据此修改了它的指示<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但坚持认为海军力量至少应该保卫波多黎各<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>塞韦拉仍认为自己的使命毫无希望<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>于是他率领舰队从加的斯启航前往佛得角群岛<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>等待形势的进一步发展<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙本土舰队出发的消息在美国东海岸引起了一场战争大恐慌<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    但是在随后的美西战争期间<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙军队并没有对美国本土造成任何破坏<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>一些神经质的美国人也安静下来了<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>这是因为政府慷慨地向沿海各地<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>发放了美国内战争时期的一批老式枪炮<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>它们毫无意义地瞄着辽阔的大西洋<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但是随后<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>要求舰队保护东海岸每一区域的呼声后来又高涨起来<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>因为就舰队的机动性而言<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>它是一种进攻性武器<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>即便舰队的任务是防御<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>它的所属舰只也决不会退化成一座座固定不动的炮台<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    美国海军部很清楚<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>无论在什么情况下<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>北大西洋分舰队都必须作为一个整体来行动<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>即使塞韦拉不是在美国人枕戈待旦的加勒比海出击<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>而是攻击其他地区<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>这支舰队仍能以其保持完好的整体给敌人以牙还牙的打击<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>如果把舰队零零散散地沿着海岸线部署<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>那在军事上无异于自取灭亡<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>