正文 第一四七章：地中海之战（五） 文 / 蓦物

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    地中海之战<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>远东海军获得了空前的大胜利<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>意大利地中海舰队、联合舰队被全歼<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>意大利一夜之间从海军强国的位置上跌落下来<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>包括辅助船在内<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>意大利海军舰船损失达20多万吨<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>8艘战列舰沉没<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>13艘巡洋舰沉没<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>6艘被扣留<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>仅4艘逃回<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    意大利海军官兵阵亡6830人<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>被俘2217人<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>另有1862人在远东地区被扣留<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>39只货轮被截停<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>价值1350万英镑货物被扣留<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>而取得这一战果的远东<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>仅付出了13艘鱼雷艇和一艘轻巡洋舰沉没<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>717名官兵阵亡的微弱代价<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    而对远东海战的失败<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>使翁贝托一世彻底失掉了国内的一切支持<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>并把意大利国内本已十分高涨的革命运动进一步推向高潮<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>而远东虽然取得胜利<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但其非洲范围内海军主要舰艇都需要维修<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>于是双方在英法等国的调停下<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>签订《远意地中海和约》<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>和约规定<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>意大利承认远东在索马里的权利<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>并将把比利亚的权力转交给远东、英国、法国三方<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>并且赔偿500万英镑给远东<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>从此地中海战争正式结束<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    地中海之战是人类进入蒸汽钢铁时代以来其中的一次海战<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但是它对后世海军学术的发展产生了深远、长久的影响<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>这次海战中巨舰大炮再次展示了其威力<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>所以战事结束后不久<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>随着英法各国又展开了一场海军军备竞赛<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>而海战中远东海军战术的出色应用尤其引起注意<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>再次证明“机动力、快速度、灵活性”是海军战术的灵魂<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    当然最重要的还有一点就是意大利联合舰队司令本季厄这头猪<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>在指挥中给了远东舰队大量的机会<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>展开远东舰队的优势<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>不过这次战争却导致另一场战争的提前爆发<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>那就是美西战争<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    远东和意大利在地中海之战<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>彻底将美国为夺取西班牙属地古巴、波多黎各和菲律宾而发动的战争提前了<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>着也是列强重新瓜分殖民地的第一次帝国主义战争<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>古巴和菲律宾群岛既有重要的经济价值<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>又是美国分别向南美洲和亚洲扩张的战略基地<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    此时新兴的美国<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>拥有雄厚的经济、军事潜力<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>已建立起一支较强大的海军<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙早已衰落<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>特别是古巴和菲律宾两地人民反对西班牙殖民统治的武装斗争<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>钳制着大量西班牙军队<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙军对古巴起义者的镇压激怒了美国<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>并危及美国在该地区的经济利益<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    1898年2月5日<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国派往古巴护侨的军舰缅因号在哈瓦那港爆炸<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国以此事件为借口<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>随后便立即对西班牙采取军事行动<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>而战争爆发前夕<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>主持美海军工作的海军助理部长罗斯福<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>立即命令亚洲分舰队司令杜威率舰队集结香港待命<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>杜威进行了周密的作战准备<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    1898年2月8日<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美分舰队进入马尼拉湾<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>翌日晨<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美亚洲分舰队就发现了由蒙托霍指挥的西班牙舰队和远东南海舰队<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美西舰数对比为6:7<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但突然出现的远东南海舰队和美舰在总吨位、航速和火炮<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>特别是在战备训练水平方面<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>均不相上下<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    原本美军占据的优势<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>顿时全无<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>随后美军立即向远东提交抗议<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>要求远东立即撤走南海舰队<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>不要参与美西之间的问题<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但是远东给予坚决回绝<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>同时远东黄海舰队此时已经护送远东两个野战军30万人<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>在前往菲律宾途中<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    美国随后立即联合英国和法国给远东施压<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>因为此时远东正在和英法两国商讨<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>利比亚的土地问题<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>所以在数小时的协商之后<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>远东的坚决态度<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>让英法两国十分生气<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>随后在英法两国的暗中许可下<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国亚洲舰队首先向西班牙舰队展开攻击<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    经数小时战斗<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙驻菲律宾舰队被全歼<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>伤亡1381人<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美方亚洲舰队只有17人受伤<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>与此同时<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国暗中操作的菲律宾起义军积极行动<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>控制着马尼拉外围（该地尚有一支西班牙驻军）<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>随后又占领了许多重要岛屿和城镇<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>并建立以阿奎纳为首的民族政府<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    2月8日下午<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>远东宣布和西班牙组成军事同盟<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>并且南海舰队发动了对美国亚洲舰队的第一次海上攻击<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>随后亚洲区域内的英法两国联合舰队拔锚前往马尼拉湾<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>由美英法组成的联和海军舰队随后封锁了马尼拉湾海域<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    2月9日上午<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>远东代表向英法两国提出强烈抗议<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但均遭到驳回<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    2月10日上午<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>远东黄海舰队在护送两个野战军抵达菲律宾时<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>遇到了英法两国联合舰队的围截<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但是三方都没有率先开炮<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    2月11日<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国陆军在本土舰队的支援护送下登陆菲律宾<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>同时利用菲律宾起义军<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>迫使马尼拉的西班牙陆军投降<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    2月22日<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>废除西班牙殖民统治以后<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国政府却背弃支持菲律宾独立的诺言<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>宣布对菲律宾实行军事占领<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>引起菲律宾人民和英法两国的强烈反抗<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>随后英法两国宣布不再参与美西战争<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>此后远东黄海舰队护卫两个野战军在菲律宾登陆<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>随后的3年时间内<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国一边对菲律宾起义人民进行了残酷的军事镇压的同时<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>一边不断从本土派陆军前往菲律宾<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    而远东两个野战军在登陆之后<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>并没有展开大规模的反击<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>只是由南向北缓缓的向前推进<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>并且远东南海舰队并没有投入到美西战争中<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>只是在远东控制的菲律宾地区海域巡弋<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    此时美西战争主要战场还有古巴、波多黎各都在同时进行<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>开战后<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美国海军部副部长罗斯福辞去职位<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>组建第一志愿骑兵团前往菲律宾参战<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>而在加勒比海地区<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙原在古巴等地驻军有20余万<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>

    古巴起义军巴埃斯领导下已解放大片国土<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>造成有利态势<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>在美西战争爆发之后<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>西班牙政府还派出地中海舰队<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>由6艘战舰组成前去防守波多黎各<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>但是3月19日进入圣地亚哥港之后<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>遭到了美国北大西洋分舰队<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>7艘战舰攻击<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/6564603D0583D83F354AED2F0D81388F.png)'></span>美军还要求陆军配合海军歼灭港内这只西班牙舰队<span class='character' style='background-image:url(/DownFiles\Book\BookImg/92BF9B8DB64F3C7DC444F45C89B8128A.png)'></span>