栗子小说 m.lizi.tw台湾小说网
www.192.tw台湾小说网
www.192.twnity.
butaftertheyhadsettleddoehadbeerich
andothershadgroenttofallinto
thehandsofthoseobligedtoheirliving
andselvestopolitics.
ihavetoldyouhohishadhappenediandin
sopotaaandingreeong
thegernicpopulationofeeuropeassoonasorder
hadbeeored.theeeuropeanworldwasruled
inthefirstplacebyaneeroredbytheseven
htstiortantkingsofthevastroneireof
thegernnationandaginary
andverylittleactualpoberof
ki
hehandsofthousandsoffeudalpriheir
subjectssorserfs.thereies.there
iddleclass.butdurihirteeury
afteraathousaheddle
oreappeareduponthehis
toricalstageanditsriseichapter,
hadantadecreaseintheinfluehecastlefolk.
thusfar,theking,inrulinghisdoins,hadonlypaid
attentiontotheenandhisbishops.butthe
he
theddleclassorsuffer
froneverincreasiinessofhisexchequer.their
jestiesiftheyhadfolloheirhiddenwisheswould
haveasliefnsultedtheirheirpigsasthegood
burghersoftheirselves.
theyshebitterpillbecauseitnot
houtastruggle.
inengland,duringtheabsenceofrichardthelion
heartedotheholyland,butending
thegreaterpartofhiscrusadingvoyageinanaustrian
jailthegoventoftheuntryhadbeenplathe
handsofjohn,abrotherofrichard,whowashisinferiorin
theartofinistrator.johnhad
begunhisandyandthe
greaterpartofthefrenanaged
togetintoaquarrelous
ehehohenstaufens.thepopehadexnicated
johnasgregoryviihadexnicatedtheeeror
henryivturiesbefore.intheyear1213johnhad
beenobligedtokeanignoniouspeacejustashenryiv
hadbeenobligedtodointheyear1077.
undisyedbyhislackofsuccess,johnntioabuse
hisroyalpoadeaprisoner
oftheiranointedrulerandforisethathe
erferehthea
rightsofhissubjects.allthishappenedonalittleislandin
thethas,hevillageofruhe15thof
juheyear1215.thedottohjohnsigned
hisnaagnacarta.it
ntainedverylittlethatrestatedinshortand
direerated
theprivilegesofhisvassals.itpaidlittleattentiontothe
rightsifanyofthevastjorityofthepeople,thepeasants,
butitofferedcertainsecuritiestotherisingclassofthe
rts.itportancebecauseitdefined
thepooreprecisionthanhadeverbeen
donebefore.butitediaevaldot.it
didonhunbeings,uheyhappeo
bethepropertyofthevassal,ustbesafeguarded
againstroyaltyrannyjustasthebaronialows
ectedagainstanexcessofzealoofthe
royalforesters.
afeer,hoohearaverydifferent
heuy.
john,nly
hadprosedtoobeythegreatcharterandthenhadbroken
everyosnystipulations.fortunately,hesoondied
ando
reghecharteraneeanhe
oneyandthe
kingightpayhis
obligationstothejeoneylehelargelandowners
andthebishopsedasuncillorstothekinguld
notprovidehithenecessarygoldandsilver.theking
thengaveordersthatafeativesofthecitiesbe
calledupontoattendthesessionsofhisgreatuncil.they
detheirfirstappearaheyear1265.theyweresupposed
toalyasfinancialexpertssupposed
totakeapartinthegeneraldisattersofstate,but
togiveadviceexclusivelyuponthequestionoftaxation.
gradually,hons
anyoftheprobleaing
ofnoblen,bishopsandcitydelegatesdevelopedintular
parliant,aplace``oulonparfait,eansinenglish
portantaffairsofstatewere
decidedupon.
buttheinstitutionofsuchageneraladvisoryboardh
certaiivepoanenglishiion,as
seetokethegeneralbelief,andgoventbya``kingand
hisparliantearictedtothebritishisles.
youeuntries,
likefraherapidincreaseoftheroyalpoerthe
ddleagesreduenttonothing.
intheyear1302representativesofthecitieshadbeen
adttedtotheetingofthefrenchparliant,butfive
entrong
enoughtoasserttherightsoftheddleclass,thesocalled
thirdestate,ahepoheking.thenthey
deupforlosttiandduringthefrenchrevolution,abolished
theking,theadetherepresentatives
ofthenpeopletherulersoftheland.in
spaiexthekingsuncilhadbeeothe
nersasearlyasthefirsthalfofthethtury.
inthegerineire,anuerofiortantcitieshadobtained
therankof``ierialcitiesust
beheardintheierialdiet.
insativesofthepeopleattehesessions
oftheriksdagatthefirstetingoftheyear1359.in
denrkthedaneholf,theanbly,wasre
establishedin1314,and,althoughtheenregairol
ofth
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