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www.xsz.twofallthingshadtobesothingotherthahingsstbe”boundless.”itisclearthatthisbasicstuffuldhingasordinaryaser.
athirdphilosopherfroiletusebe”air”or”vapor.”anaxinesiliarefronaxihoughtthattheair.esearth,hethought.heyhaveseeingice.healsothoughtthatfireenes,airhereforetheih,er,andfire.
itisnotafarcryfrohoughtthatearth,air,andfireustbeanunderlyingsubstaisthesourceofallnaturalge.
nothingilesianphilosophersallbelievedienceofasinglebasicsubstahesourceofallthings.buthoethingelseofge.
frobout500b.c.,therehegreeklonyofeleainsoutheitaly.these”eleatics”erestedinthisquestion.
thestiortantofthesephilosophersenidesenides.andnothingthatexistsbeenothing.
butparooktheideafurther.hethoughtthatthereeanythingotherthanitwas.
parnidesrealized,ofurse,thatnatureisinanstantstateofflux.heperceived.ochoosebetheronhissensesorhisreason,hechosereason.
youknoenidesdidntevenbelievethings.hebelievedthatoursensesgiveusanipictureofthesofperceptualillusion.
thisunshakablefaithinhunreasonis.arationalistissooneanreasonistheprirysourceofourknoheworld.
allthingsflow
anteoraryofparnidesephesusinasianor.hethoughtthatnstantge,orfloosfbasiccharacteristifnature.orefaithinenidesdid.
”everythingfloovent,nothingisabiding.thereforeeriver.”e,herinortheriverarethesa.
heraclituspoithattheerizedbyopposites.ifknoitobeakenopleasureinbeingfull.ifthereappreciatepeadifthereer,hespring.
bothgoodandbadhavetheiriableplatheorderofthings,heraclitusbelieved.houtthisnstantinterplayofoppositestheoexist.
”godisdayandnight,r,”god,”butheythology.toherabraationsandntrastsofnature.
insteadofthetergod,”heraustbeakindof”universalreason”guidihingthathappensinnature.
this”universalreason”or”universallaethingntousall,andsothingthateverybodyisguidedby.apeoplelivebytheirindividualreason,thoughtheraclitus.ingeneral,hedespisedhisfelloostpeople,”hesaid,”areliketheplaythingsofinfants.”
soiofallnaturesnstantfluxandopposites,heraclitussaething,”hesourceofeverything,hecalledgos.
fourbasiadeitadeitequallyclearthatnatureshouldreasondictateorshouldwerelyonoursenses
parnidesandheraclitusbothsaythings:
parnidessays:
athatnothingustthereforebeunreliable.heraclitus,onthe
otherhand,says:
athateverythingges”allthingsflohatoursensoryperceptionsarereliable.
philosophersuldhardlydisagreerethanthatbutpedoclesc.490430b.c.froicilytoleadtheselvesinto.
hethoughttheyhrightiheirassertionsbutheother.
eedoeheprese.ifthisrue,thegapbetreasondictatesand”hourowneyes”wouldbeunbridgeable.
erobviouslyottuintoafishorabutterfly.infaidesinholdingthat”nothingges.”
butatthesatieedoclesagreedusttrusttheevidenceofoursenses.ustbelievehatnatureges.
eedocludedthatitent.”
eedoents,or”roots”asheterdthethesefourroots
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