正文 第二十三章 指尖如酒 文 / 鸡丁爱马甲

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    ReflectivePaper

    ◆TheoryXandTheoryY

    In1960，DougsMcGregestedthetermsoftheoryXandtheoryYinhismabook.TheoryXhadthreesystems，givingalittleornotrusttosubordinatesrespectively.TheoryY，orary，hadpletetrustandfidensubordihemanagercouldusethesetwodifferenttheoriestodistinguishemployeemotivations.

    Theprinciplechooseeithertheorytomotivatetheteachers.Thereisnoabsolutelyrighttheory，onlythemoresuitabletheoryinlightofdifferentsituations.

    Inmyopinion，theschoolwhichadoptstheoryXmaybeoreandmid，butitalsorunsmoothly，aslongastheprinciplekeeptheteachersobeythedisciplines.Oherhand，theschoolwhichpreferstheoryYmaywithecreativenessandvigorofteachers.However，thereisalsoariskthattheprinciplehardlytroltheteachersanymore.

    Thesetwotheoriesbothbeadoptedtomotivateteachers.However，theeachersalsobeintimidated，orfused，ascribingvariousfactors，suchassasystem’siy，aeacher’spersonality.

    ◆Mutualpurpose

    Themutualpurposeisapracticalvision.Theleaderuseittouhesubordiislikeapieceofblueprint，helpingtheeoputbrithtpce.Thepurposebewrittendown，orimpliedinlife.S(2004)suggestedthatanizationalcultureisapatternofsharedbasicassumptionsthatagroupwtogetherforaongoalhasiedinlearningtocopewiththeproblemsofexternadaptationandinternaliion.

    Workershavetheirownlifeexceptfortheschool.Sometimes，theirpersonalimayflictwiththeanization’sbe.Astrongleaderhelptheworkerstostrikethebaweenersonallife，aeamutualvalueforthestaff.

    ecifidpracticalpurpose，indubemoreeffective，reallyservesforlearning，andgoonsupptheperformandprofessionaldevelopmentforeachers.

    ◆Cssicalanizationaltheory

    ItisthetraryofTaylor’sStifiagementtheory.Itviewedthetotalanization，insteadoftheindividualworker，asthefocusofattention.Forcssicaltheorists，ananizationismuchmorethaerfaanandmae.Theheadmasteruseittomotivatetheteachers.Theteacherswouldfeelmorerespecteduheleaderwiththismethod，andmayreturnwithenthusiasmaivity.

    ◆anizationalculture

    Thistermgobackto193-s

    ◆Basicassumptions

    Basicassumptionsareaboutpeople’snature，thenatureofhumaionships，thenatureofhumanactivity，aureoftheretionshipsbetweenpeopleandtheirphysidsocialenviros.Basicassumptionsinhumannaturearesistof:Freedom-Determinism，Rationality-Irrationality，Holism-Elemetalism，stitutionalism-Enviroalism，Subjectivity-Objectivity，Proactivity-Reactivity，Homeostasis-Heterostasis，andKnowability-Unknownablity.

    Theprincipleusethetheoryofbasicassumptionstouandtheemployees，andtomotiveaswelstoinductthem.Iftheworkersalwaysgetpositiveassumptionsfromthecampusenviroheymayoptimistidwillingtotribute，andviseversa.Theleadermayalsousethebasicassumptionstogetanalysisoftheinstitutionandworkers，thushelpdesigniure.

    ◆Intelligence

    In1904，AlfredBiiedamethodtoidentifythosechildreninschoolwhoneededspecialhelp.Therebyamethodcameouttotellpeople’sintelligeheresultofthistestingsystemiscalledIntelligeient，alsoknownasIQ.Theprincipleusetheintelligeinguishsystemtosortoutstudents，anddecidethecurriculum.Forexample，thestudentswhoareespeciallygiftedwithhighIQmayfindtheregurcurriculumtooeasy，thusbepatientandtrationonschoolwork.Orary，studentswhoaredisadvaermsofintelligencemayfaceparticurchallengeafrustrationfeelingwithoutspecifichelp.Ahigh-qualifiedleadershouldmakesurethestaffuandandareabletocaterforthedifferentneedsoftwoextremestudents.

    Later，onthebasisofIQ，atermcalledEQwasdeveloped.Itreferstopeople’semotionalintelligence.BeingaGreatLeaderRequiresEmotionalIntelligence.

    ◆HumanCapital

    Humanresourcesarepreciousassetsofaninstitution.Itseemshardtopredicthumancapitalsometimes，becausehumanbeingsaregeable，easytobeaffectedbymaernalorinternalfactors.However，usingsomespecificpsychologicalprinciplesinghumanresources，facilitatetheprincipletotrain，motivate，andevaluatethestaff.

    Employmentbedifficult，andanyerrormayturroublesomeandcostly.Thesubsequentprocessisnoteasier.Thatiswhythehumanresourcesmahasbeeacriticalelementtooperateasuccessfulschool.Humanresourcesadministratorsmustworknotonlytorecruittheproperstaff，butalsopromoteaschool’senviro.

    ◆Learninganization

    Stayingpetitiveintoday’seyisessentialtoanyanization.Schanizationsalsomustbenimbleandagiletosurvive.Thatrequiresdevelopingincreasedabilitytosense，eve，theproblemsposedbytheirenvirosandisolutionstothem.Thisispartoftheceptofthelearninganization:ananization，learnstonimblyadapttounfoldinggesintheenviro.Itisalsocalledanizationdevelopment.

    Inalearninganization，theworkerstinuallyenhaheircapabilitiestocreatewhattheywanttocreate.anizationsarespendingmoretimeaoiheemployeesupdatedtothestate-of-artknowledge，thankstothequickdevelopmentofteology.Itisreasoopredictthatiure，tinuouslearningcapacitywouldbecrucialtorecruit.Thejobseekermayhardlytobehiredwithoutpresentingexcellentlearningability.

    ◆tingencyView

    Thetingencyviewholdsthatthereiswayofmanagingunderallditions，butthatthereareoptimalwaysofmanagingflidercertainditions.Therearesituational-tifactorsthataffectaleader＇sabilitytolead.Theeffectivenessofworkersdependsonhowgoodamatchexistsbetweentheleadershipstyleoftheleaderandthedemandsofthesituation.

    Theleaders，whoactuallyexerttroloverthestaff，excellentlygettaskinvolved，andsuccessfullyacceptedbythesubordinates，aremorelikelytoleadtheschoolinthtfuture.Theprinciplewhoholdsatingencyview，maygivedifferentindustodiffereeachers，acctotheirdiversepersonalities.

    ◆Likert’sfoursystems

    System1:exploitive-authoritative(orpunitive-authoritarian)，theleaderhasalowforpeopleandusessuchmethodsasthreatsandotherfear-basedmethodstoachieveance.;System2:benevolent-authoritative(orpaternalistic-authoritarian)，theresponsibilityliesatthemanageriallevelsbutnotatthelowerlevelsoftheanizationalhierarchy;System3:sultativesystem，thesuperiorhassubstantialbutnotplete，trustandfidenhissubordinates;4:theparticipative(roupiive)modelofananizationalsystem，superiorshavepletefideheirsubordinates，andmotivationisbyeicrewardsbasedongoalswhichhavebeeinparticipation.

    LowerthehesystemismorelikelytobeoperatedbasedontheoryX.Higherthenumberis，thesystemismorelikelytobeoperatedbasedontheoryY.

    Theleaderinexploitive-authoritativelittleforpeople，andpreferstousefear-basedmethodssuchasthreatstoachieveahismamethodbeeffective.However，italsostiflepeople’screativity，whichisthemostpreciousvalueofhumancapital.Ipredifuture，themostsuccessfulschools’leadersshouldpreferparticipativestyle，ratherthanopposite.自适应小说站xsz.tw，。